ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: The berry-cluster thinning technique was evaluated at different phenological times to prevent bunch compactness of ‘Black Star’ table grape, a new somatic mutation of ‘Brasil’ grape. The trial was carried out during 2012 and 2013 seaons in a vineyard situated in Marialva, PR, Brazil. Vines were trained in an overhead trellis system and spaced at 3x4m. The randomized block design was used as a statistical model with five replications and five treatments. The following treatments were evaluated: control; brushing prior to anthesis; and berry-cluster thinning at different times, when berries were 3-6, 7-10, or 11-15mm in diameter. The prevalence of bunch compactness was evaluated considering the levels: loose, medium loose, and dense bunches. The main physico-chemical characteristics of grapes and yield were also appraised. The data obtained were submitted to ANOVA, and toTukey’s test at 5% was applied. So, thinning is a mandatory practice to avoid bunch compactness of ‘Black Star’ grapes. The technique has to be performed, preferably, by means of brushing prior to anthesis, and the failure to accomplish this practice at this time, berry-cluster thinning when berries are 11-15mm in diameter can be used.
RESUMO: O método de raleio de bagas em diferentes fases fenológicas reduz a compactação de cachos da uva fina de mesa ‘Black Star’, uma nova mutação da uva ‘Brasil’. As videiras foram conduzidas em latada em espaçamento 3x4m, e o experimento foi realizado nas safras 2012 e 2013. O delineamento experimental consistiu em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições e cinco tratamentos: controle sem raleio; raleio com escova plástica realizado no pré-florescimento e; despenca quando as bagas apresentavam 3-6, 7-10 ou 11-15mm de diâmetro. A compacidade predominante dos cachos foi avaliada de acordo com a seguinte classificação: cachos soltos, medianamente soltos e compactos. As características físico-químicas dos cachos e a produtividade também foram avaliadas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Verificou-se que o raleio de bagas é uma prática obrigatória na uva ‘Black Star’ para diminuir a compacidade dos cachos. A operação deve ser realizada, preferencialmente, com a escova plástica no pré-florescimento, e na impossibilidade de executar ou finalizar essa prática nesta fase, pode-se empregar a despenca quando as bagas apresentarem 11-15mm de diâmetro.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale pattern and World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF scale scores of patients with schizophrenia after seven years of the initial diagnosis
Study Design: A cross sectional observational study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychiatry, Military Hospital Rawalpindi from Jan 2007 to Dec 2008
Material and Methods: Thirty patients who were invalided out of military service with the diagnosis of schizophrenia in 2000 and 2001 were subjected to psychometric evaluation seven years after the initial diagnosis in 2007 and 2008. They were assessed for their current symptoms and Quality of life using Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale [PANSS] and World Health Organization Quality of Life [WHOQoL-BREF] scale respectively. Both are established psychometric tools to assess the entire spectrum of schizophrenia and quality of life
Result: All patients were males. Forty three percent of the subjects had Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale [PANSS] score i.e. below cut off value of 65. Mean PANSS score of the group was 72. A score of more than 12 on World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF [WHOQoL-BREF] scale indicating better quality of life was seen in 43 % of the patients. Factors linked with PANSS score > 65 and poor Quality of life [Qol score 4-12] were being single, unemployed, living in cities, using psychoactive substances and in initial years of military service
Conclusion: More than half of the patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia continue to show high Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale [PANSS] score and poor quality of life after seven years of initial diagnosis of schizophrenia